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Video Material atom

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Atom is the smallest particle of the material. The atom consists of several basic particles, ie electrons, protons, and neutrons. It is these particles that cause the atoms to have electrical properties, because the electrons are negatively charged, the protons are positively charged, and the neutrons are uncharged. The atom of one element is different from the other elemental atoms because of the difference in the arrangement of subatomic particles that make up it. Here is the development of atomic theory from time to time: Summary of Material Structural Material Atom Materials of High School Class X John Dalton: Atoms are the smallest particles that can not be subdivided into smaller parts. J.J. Thomson: Atoms are globally positively charged spheres and electrons attach to surfaces like raisin buns attached to bread. Rutherford: The atom consists of a very small and positively charged atomic nucleus, surrounded by negatively charged electrons like the solar system. Bohr: Electro...
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Process of making soap

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REACTION OF SAPONIFICATION IN THE PROCESS OF MAKING SOAP The word saponification or saponify means making soap (Latin sapon, = soap and -fy is a suffix meaning to make). The ancient Romans began to make soap since 2300 years ago by heating the mixture of animal fat with wood ash. In the 16th and 17th centuries in Europe the soap was only used in the field of medicine. It was not until the 19th century widespread use of soap. Soap is made from the process of saponification of animal fats (tallow) and from oil. The fat broodstock is called fatty acids consisting of long hydrocarbon chains (C-12 to C18) that bind to form carboxyl groups. Short chain fatty acids are rarely used because they produce less foam. Saponification reaction is nothing but basic hydrolysis of an ester with alkali (NaOH, KOH), the general reaction is: O O // // R - C Na + OH - R - C + R`OH \ \ OR` O- Na + Alkaline salt ester of an alcoholic acid This mechanism involves the hydroxide ion nucleophile attack on carbony...
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Predict Products in Chemical Reactions

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Predict Products in Chemical Reactions In chemistry, the chemical yield, the yield of the reaction, or only the rendement refers to the amount of reaction product produced in the chemical reaction. [1] Absolute rendement can be written as weight in grams or in moles (molar yield). The relative yield used as a calculation of the effectiveness of the procedure is calculated by dividing the amount of product obtained in moles by the theoretical yield in moles: {\ Displaystyle {\ mbox {fractional rendemen}} = {\ frac {\ mbox {real rendemen}} {\ mbox {theoretical renditions}}}} {\ displaystyle {\ mbox {fractional rendemen}} = {\ frac {\ Mbox {actual rendemen}} {\ mbox {theoretical rendemen}}}} To obtain a percentage yield, multiply the fractional yield by 100%. One or more reactants in chemical reactions are often used redundantly. The theoretical rendement is calculated based on the number of moles of the limiting reagent. For this calculation, it is usually assumed that there is only on...
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Report

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Purpose of Practicum The objective of this lab is to compare the appearance of changes in the pH of strong acids and weak acids titrated with NaOH. LITERATURE REVIEW Buffering solution or buffer solution is a solution which can maintain a certain pH to the effort to change the pH such as acid addition, base, or dilution. In other words, the pH of the buffer solution will not change even if the solution is added slightly stronger acid, strong base or if the solution is diluted. The buffer solution contains buffered solutes. The buffer has an acid-base component overcoming the decrease in pH. These acids and bases are conjugate pairs (Mangihut, 2009). The buffer or buffer buffer or buffer solution is a solution that can maintain a certain pH value. The most prominent feature of this buffer solution is that the pH of the buffer solution changes only slightly in the addition of a slightly strong acid. Furthermore, the buffer solution is a solution formed by the reac...
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Stoichiometry

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Stoichiometry Stoichiometry is the basic chemical calculation that states quantitative relation of chemical formulas and chemical equations. Here are the materials you need to know to understand, from the concept of moles and molar masses, empirical formulas and molecular formulas, basic stoichiometry of solutions and ideal gases, and the writing and equalization of reactions, with examples of problems and discussions. Molar and Molar Mass Concepts (}) In SI systems, one mole is defined as the sum of the material composed of entities (atoms, molecules, or other particles) a sum of the atoms in 12 grams of carbon-12. The value of the number of atoms is 6.022 × 1023 called the Avogadro number, NA. See also other material: Electron-Configuration Chemical Association The molar mass,}, is defined as the mass of 1 mol entity (atom, ion, molecule, unit of formula) of matter. The units of the molar mass (}) are grams / mol. M = n \} N = nN_A The concept of stoichiometry Stoichiometric m...
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Chemical energy in daily life

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Chemical Energy Examples and Explanations Example-chemical-energy One example of chemical energy that we can encounter day-to-day is found in cold packs or cold compresses. It consists of two bags, one of which is water. Inside the bag there is the content of ammonium nitrate, calcium nitrate or urea used for sports purposes. When the side of the bag is damaged and filled with water, water will act with ammonium nitrate grains and create new chemical bonds during the reaction to absorb energy from the environment. If we put this compress on our hot body part, then the heat will be absorbed by this compress and the body we compress by using this tool will instantly cool. Another example of chemical energy is in a gas cylinder and a stove. Of course we all at home have stoves and gas for cooking. The propane gas tube in the gas cylinder we have is a chemical energy source that will be converted into heat energy. When the propane gas is burned for cooking on the grill, the chemical...
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